Planetary health refers to "the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends." In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation and The Lancet launched the concept as the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.
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History
The idea of planetary health was first introduced in a 2014 commentary in the medical journal The Lancet, calling to create a movement for planetary health to transform the field of public health, which has traditionally focused on the health of human populations without necessarily considering the surrounding natural ecosystems. This proposal is in recognition of the emerging threats not only to human health and wellbeing, but also to the "sustainability of our civilization" and to the "natural and human-made systems that support" humanity. In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation and The Lancet launched the concept as the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.
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Definition
Drawing from the definition of health - "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" - as well as principles articulated in the preamble of the constitution of the World Health Organization, the report elaborated that planetary health refers to the "achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human systems - political, economic, and social - that shape the future of humanity and the Earth's natural systems that define the safe environmental limits within which humanity can flourish."
Principles
The Lancet Commission's report layed down the overarching principles guiding the idea of planetary health. One is that human health depends on "flourishing natural systems and the wise stewardship of those natural systems", which have been undergoing massive degradation to an extent unprecedented in human history. Human activities, such as energy generation and food production, have led to substantial global effect on the Earth's systems, prompting scientists to refer to the modern times as the anthropocene. This proposed name for a new geological epoch is to be yet formally recognized though.
Planetary health draws from the concept of planetary boundaries proposed by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre. This framework presents a set of nine planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come - a "safe operating space for humanity". According to a 2015 update, four of the planetary boundaries - climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, and land-system change - had already been exceeded.
The report concluded that environmental threats to human health and human civilization will be characterized by surprise and uncertainty, and therefore urgent and transformative actions are needed to protect present and future generations. One important area which required immediate attention was the system of governance and organization of human knowledge, which was deemed inadequate to address the threats to planetary health.
The report made several overarching recommendations. One was to improve governance to aid the integration of social, economic, and environmental policies and for the creation, synthesis, and application of interdisciplinary knowledge to strengthen planetary health. The authors called for solutions based on the redefinition of prosperity to focus on the enhancement of quality of life and delivery of improved health for all, together with respect for the integrity of natural systems.
Comparison with other fields
Planetary health is considered a response to existing fields and paradigms such as public health environmental health, ecohealth, One Health and international health, but primarily to global health. While there may be competing definitions of global health, it is loosely defined as the health of populations in a global context, a response to the cross-border movement of health drivers as well as risks, and an improvement over the older concept of international health with its new emphasis on achieving equity in health among all people. A special issue of The Economist dedicated to planetary health pointed out, that global health is no longer able to truly meet the demands which societies face, as it is still too narrow to explain and illuminate some pressing challenges."Global health does not fully take into account the natural foundation on which humans live--the planet itself. Nor does it factor in the force and fragility of human civilizations." Judith Rodin, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, declared planetary health as a new discipline in global health.
Issues
Planetary health concerns itself with governance and stewardship which pose a threat to the sustainability of the human civilization, environment, and planet. Specifically, it seeks to confront three main types of challenges: "imagination challenges," such as failing to account for long-term human or environmental consequences of human progress; "research and information challenges," such as underfunding and lack of scope in research; and "governance challenges," such as delayed environmental action by governing bodies determined by unwillingness, uncertainty, or non-cooperation.
A primary ethical focus of planetary health research is human cooperation and non-cooperation in the form of conflict, nationalism, and competition. As one goal, the Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change plans to use an accountability mechanism to track human cooperation and study the link between health, climate, and political action.
Likewise, nutrition and diet are important contributors to and indicators of planetary health. Scientists speculate that human population growth threatens the carrying capacity of the planet. Diets, agriculture, and technology must adjust to sustain population projections upwards of 9 billion while reducing harmful consequences on the environment through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. A focus of planetary health research will be nutritional solutions that are sustainable for the human species and the environment, and the generation of scientific research and political will to create and implement desired solutions.
Planetary health aims to seek out further solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across all sectors, including the economy, energy, agriculture, water, and health. Biodiversity loss, exposure to pollutants, climate change, and fuel consumption are all issues that threaten human and climate health alike, and are, as such, foci of the field.
Developments since 2015
After the release of the Commission's report in 2015, numerous initiatives were launched to promote the concept. In December 2015, Harvard University, together with the Wildlife Conservation Society and other partner organizations, founded the Planetary Health Alliance. Funded by Rockefeller Foundation and housed in Harvard, the Alliance aims to support the development of "rigorous, policy-focused, transdisciplinary field of applied research aimed at understanding and addressing the human health implications of accelerating change in the structure and function of Earth's natural systems." The Alliance's initiatives include the Rockefeller Foundation Planetary Health Fellowship, a planetary health course for Harvard undergraduates, and a Planetary Health Annual Meeting, which was first held in April, 2017 in Boston, MA.
References
Source of article : Wikipedia
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